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Marriage Advertisements in India
Every Sunday morning millions of Indians settle down with a cup of tea and special weekend issues of their newspapers,just'as Americans do. But here, with the marriage season approaching, many of them quickly to a Sunday feature that is particularly Indian-the-columns of marriage advertisements in which young people look for husbands and wives. This is relatively modern change in the age-old custom of the arranged marriage. The thousands of advertisements published each week increasingly reflect social changes that coming to this traditional society. For example, although women are still described in terms of appearance,or skill in "the wifely arts",information about her earning power is entering more and more of the advertisements. This reflects the arrival in India of the working wife.
Divorce,which used to be almost unheard of in India,is some times now mentioned in the advertisements as in the case of a woman whose advertisement in New Delhi newspaper explained that had been "the innocent party" when her marriage broke up.
Because the custom of the dowry(marriage payment)is now illegal,some advertisements say "no dowry" or "simple marriage"，which means the same thing. However,the fathers of many bride grooms still require it. In a land where light skin is often regarded as socially preferable,many also require that a woman have a"wheat color" complexion or that a man be "tall,fair and handsome". Advertisements are placed and eagerly read by a wide range of people in the upper classes,mostly in cities. Many of them receive dozens of answers. "There's nothing embarrassing about it,"explained a Calcutta businessman advertising a son-in-law. "It's just another way of broadening the contacts and increasing the possibility of doing the contacts and increasing the possibilities of doing the best'one for one's daughter.”
Because of high unemployment and a generally poor standard of living here,one of the best attractions a marriage advertisement can offer is a permit to live abroad, especially in Canada or the United States.A person who has one can get what he wants. One recent Sun day in Madras,for example,a Punjabi engineer living in San Francisco advertised for a"beautiful slim bride with lovely features knowing music and dance". And a man whose advertisement said that he held an American immigration permit was able to say,only girls from rich, well-connected families need apply.
In the text,a Sunday feature is a kind of newspaper advertisements in which young people look for husbands and wives.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
In Marriage advertisements in India women are only introduced in terms of appearance or their skill in being a good wife.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
India's society is changing.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
The word "dowry" in the third paragraph means marriage payment.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
In India people with light skin and good feature are preferable.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
Anyone can receive dozens of answers if he/she placed an advertisement.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
The word "one" in "a person who has one can get what he wants" refers to good attraction.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
Advertisements are only read by a small group of people of high social status.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
In India there is a high divorce rate.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
A male who has an American immigration permit means he is competitive in marriage than others.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
Income
Income may be nation income and personal income.whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production namely, profits,interest,rent,wages,and other compensation for labor ,personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid,national income does not equal GNP(gross national product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption do allowances or indirect business taxes,both of which are included in GNP ,the money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income,indirect taxes include sale taxes,property taxes,and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production,three fourths of national income goes for wages,salaries,and other forms of compensation to employees.
Where national income measures the income that the factors of production earn,personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive,corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned,out of these profits ,however,corporation profit taxes must be paid to the government ,and money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore,out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions,but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production) ,not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand,money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received.Interest received on government bonds is also in this category,because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However,not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes,because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.
This passage is mainly about
A. the difference between national income and GNP
B. the difference between national income and personal income
C. the concept of income
D. the difference between disposable income and nondisposable income
Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?
A. GNP equals national income plus indirect business taxes.
B. GNP excludes both capital consumption allowances and indirect business taxes.
C. Personal income is regarded as the total money income received by an individual after his or her taxes are paid.
D. The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income.
It can be easily seen from this passage that the government levies tax on
A. corporation profits
B. every individual even though his income is very low
C. those who work in joint ventures
D. those who work in government departments
According to this passage, the money you get as interest from government bonds is
A. the money earned
B. the money not earned but received
C. the money received for the contribution you have made to the economy
D. the money earned for the service you have furnished to the economy
The passage implies that
A. people willingly pay taxes use they want to do something useful to the country
B. people willingly pay taxes because they do not want to be looked down upon by others
C. people pay taxes unwillingly because they feel they will be arrested if they do not
D. people pay taxes somewhat unwillingly
Materials and Tools for Language Learning
① The range of materials and tools avaiable to help you with your language studies is huge,from dictionaries to language courses. All of them can help you in different ways,and the appropriate use of these materials and courses will make your language learning much easier and more effective.
② Possibly the most useful t001s there are for learning a language
are dictionaries.Dictionaries come in a number of formats including bilingual,monolingual,illustrated,electronic and online.Bilingual dictionaries are perhaps the most useful ones for beginners and intermediate learners,while monolingual dictionaries,which are designed for native speakers,are also useful for advanced learners.Pocket dictionaries are good for quick reference and easy to carry around.Larger dictionaries are better if you want more definitions,examples of usage,and information about pronunciation,and grammar. Electronic dictionaries are available as handheld units,or as software. handheld ones are portable,easy and quick to search,and often provide other functions,such as,text—to—speech,voice recognition and speech synthesis organizers,address books.They tend to be rather expensive though.Software dictionaries offer many of the same functions,and can be used on computers,and mobile phones.
③ The traditional courses tend to consist Of textbooks containing dialogues exercises,notes on grammar,and maybe cultural information Accompany cassettes，CD and／or mp3s are often available ,most such courses are intended for complete beginners or people with only minimal knowledge Of the more popular languages,such as French,German,Italian and Spanish.
④ Audio courses usually consist solely of cassettes or CDs,though some may a170 include a limited amount of printed material All dialogues,exercises,instructions and explanations are recorded and the focus of these courses is teaching you to understand and speak the language.They are very good at teaching you authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary.
⑤Various computer—aided courses are available on CD—ROMs and DVDs.Each course is different but they generally include dialogues,
audio,exercises and tests.Some also include phrasebooks,dictionaries,videos,games and provide online and／or telephone support.
Paragraph①
A.What is the function of audio courses?
B.What is the function of flash cards?
C.What is the function of traditional courses?
D.What are the most useful tools for language learning?
E.What is the function of computer-aided courses?
F.What can help you a lot with your language learning?
Paragraph②
A.What is the function of audio courses?
B.What is the function of flash cards?
C.What is the function of traditional courses?
D.What are the most useful tools for language learning?
E.What is the function of computer-aided courses?
F.What can help you a lot with your language learning?
Paragraph③
A.What is the function of audio courses?
B.What is the function of flash cards?
C.What is the function of traditional courses?
D.What are the most useful tools for language learning?
E.What is the function of computer-aided courses?
F.What can help you a lot with your language learning?
Paragraph④
A.What is the function of audio courses?
B.What is the function of flash cards?
C.What is the function of traditional courses?
D.What are the most useful tools for language learning?
E.What is the function of computer-aided courses?
F.What can help you a lot with your language learning?
Paragraph⑤
A.What is the function of audio courses?
B.What is the function of flash cards?
C.What is the function of traditional courses?
D.What are the most useful tools for language learning?
E.What is the function of computer-aided courses?
F.What can help you a lot with your language learning?
The materials and tools available to help you with your language studies range
A. more definitions, examples of usage, and information about pronunciation,arid grammar
B. authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary
C. phrasebooks, dictionaries, videos, games and provide online and/or telephone support
D. from dictionaries to language courses
E.in a much easier and more effective way
F. beginners or people with only a little knowledge of the language
The appropriate these materials and courses will enable you to learn language
A. more definitions, examples of usage, and information about pronunciation,arid grammar
B. authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary
C. phrasebooks, dictionaries, videos, games and provide online and/or telephone support
D. from dictionaries to language courses
E. in a much easier and more effective way
F. beginners or people with only a little knowledge of the language
Larger dictionaries vide the learners with
A. more definitions, examples of usage, and information about pronunciation,arid grammar
B. authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary
C. phrasebooks, dictionaries, videos, games and provide online and/or telephone support
D. from dictionaries to language courses
E.in a much easier and more effective way
F. beginners or people with only a little knowledge of the language
The traditional courses are designed for
A. more definitions, examples of usage, and information about pronunciation,arid grammar
B. authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary
C. phrasebooks, dictionaries, videos, games and provide online and/or telephone support
D. from dictionaries to language courses
E. in a much easier and more effective way
F. beginners or people with only a little knowledge of the language
With audio courses,you can learn
A. more definitions, examples of usage, and information about pronunciation,arid grammar
B. authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary
C. phrasebooks, dictionaries, videos, games and provide online and/or telephone support
D. from dictionaries to language courses
E. in a much easier and more effective way
F. beginners or people with only a little knowledge of the language
How to Start Your Own Business
I have recently started a business and have learned some crucial lessons in the process that I feel privileged to share with you.
1.Identify your motivation. To have more time? To make more money? To be your own boss? To have creative control over what you love to do? Write out all of your motivating factors and prioritize them. When you see them listed,you might see a pattern in that you're just unhappy at your current job and starting your own business isn't the answer.
2.Identify your passion What do you love to do? What skills and knowledge do you uniquely bring to the table? What gets you excited about your work? If you keep your passion in plain sight,you will stay focused on the purpose of your business and not solely on the logistics.
3. Identify your market. If you are starting your business locally,research your competitors. Determine if there is room in the market for your business. What will you do differently to draw in customers?what niche market are. the other businesses missing? Your business cannot survive without customers,so do enough research on the front end to determine if there are enough potential clients to keep your business alive.
4.Identify your finances. You have to buy furniture,trash cans,a garage door opener fixtures and landscaping equipment, and before you know it,you've far exceeded your financial boundaries. That can happen just as easily in a business. Do exhaustive financial planning. Meet with a financial advisor or someone at your bank to examine the financial viability of your business and the process of getting it up and running. Be prepared for financial loss and get advice on how to alleviate burden in the future.
A.plan wisely and do not assume the best about your business.
B.why do you want to start your own business
C.the tragic reality is that when business fail ,the passion often dies whit it.
D.keep that passion at the forefront of your business plan ,your marketing strategies ,and your daily routine.
E.if you have ever beyond the down payment and mortage.
F.if you are starting an internet company ,research the requirements for your own unique web presence.
Spiritual Bond
Besides,do not forget to appreciate the“spiritual bond" between people.I've met numerous people in Japan,the US,and Australia. In the beginning,I was by the differences in the views and cultures. After studying in the I got to the American way of thinking. So when I first moved to Australia,I had thoughts about Australians,I thought they were quiet and passive:i felt that I couldn't understand them and that I didn't in. That is when I met the Happy Science teachings. I learned about how people go through reincarnation(转世) and are born again and again in different races and in different countries.
Therefore,I realized that the people I meet in this lifetime are connected to me from my past. We have known each other be When I this spiritual perspective,I reflected on my narrow-mindedness．
When I found out that people who I thought I couldn't under-
stand could be spiritually connected to me,I felt even for people l used to .1 felt a feeling of oneness and i was able to make many friends creating bonds of understanding and respect. Value and every spiritual bond between you and the people you meet and continue to work hard to develop yourself in order to 0thers and be a good influence.
A. Negative
B. Criticize
C. Spiritually
D. Shameful
E. Affection
F. Discovered
G. Appreciate
H. Confused
I. Fit
J. Admit
K. Admit
L. Used
M. help
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