The History of Coffee Houses

Today, the idea of a coffee house usually brings to mind a cozy (惬意的) place that serves delicious coffeE.So how did the coffee house get started?

The first record of a public place serving coffee dates back to 1475. Kiva Han was the first coffee shop, located in Istanbul, TarkiyE.Coffee was a very important item during that perioD.It was even legal in Turkiye for a woman to divorce her husband if he could not supply her with enough coffee.

The idea of adding cream and sugar to coffee came into fashion in Europe around 1529, when the first coffee house in Europe was establisheD.Vienna was invaded by the Turkish army, They left many bags of coffee beans behind when they fled the city. An Austrian who had lived in Tirkiye was the only person who recognized the value in the beans. He opened a coffee house and introduced the idea of filtering (过滤) coffee, as well as softening offee with milk and sugar.

Coffee establishments continued to spread, with the first one opening up in Britain in 1652. And it was in an English coffee house that the word“tips" was first useD.A jar with a sign reading“To Insure Prompt Service" sat on the counter. You put a coin in the jar to be served quickly.

The Brish called their coffee houses "penny universitis," because that was the price for the coffce and the social upper- class of businessmen were found therE.From there, the idea spread further through Europe and eventually to AmericA.The role of the American coffee houses was the same as that in England: hotspots for the business community.

And who could forget the most popular coffee house chain of all, Starbucks? They opened their first store in 1971, in Seattle, and have taken the world by storm with over 8,000 locations.

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The Spread of Cats

Today's house cats all come from a single type of wildcat. Researchers believe that it was originally from the Near East, in a region from moden-day Turkiye down to Lebanon. Around 10,000 years ago, farmers began storing grain. The grain atracted micE.Cats could help out with that.

The same type of cats also ruled in Ancient Egypt. They left their traces in statues and paintings. Researchers wondered how these two separate lines led to today's worldwide success of cats. Unlike other archaeologists (考古学家), Eva-Maria Geigl studied DNA instead of bones.

Combining the genetic information with other records, the researchers figured out the cats' paths. Afer cats befriended (亲近) the Near East farmers, they began to appear on farms in other places. One example is a 9,500-year-old cat buried in a human grave on the island of Cyprus. There were no wild cats on the islanD.They must have come from somewhere elsE.Humans must have brought them on a boat.

A second wave of cats began living with humans in Egypt 2,500 years ago. The new study shows that during Roman times, these Egyptian cats also began expanding through the Meditranean (地中海). They mixed with the Near East cats and then went farther. They went through Europe and into Southwest Asia.

When the Viking age began, the expansion of Egyptian cat families explodeD.It was likely due to the popularity of using ship cats to kill rats.“Rats on ships not only eat and spoil the food, they also destroy the ropes, so rats could be a disaster for sailors," says Geigl.“Cats prevent these types of disasters."

A.Egypt

B.the Far East

C.the Near East

D.East Asia

A.By following their traces.

B.By analyzing their statues.

C.By examining their bones.

D.By testing their DNA.

A.bom on the island

B.brought to the island

C.the world's first wild cat

D.the world's first pet cat

A.Egypt

B.Cyprus

C.Europe

D.the Mediterranean

A.Rescarchers.

B.Painters.

C.Farmers.

D.Sailors.

A.Egypt

B.the Far East

C.the Near East

D.East Asia

A.By following their traces.

B.By analyzing their statues.

C.By examining their bones.

D.By testing their DNA.

A.bom on the island

B.brought to the island

C.the world's first wild cat

D.the world's first pet cat

A.Egypt

B.Cyprus

C.Europe

D.the Mediterranean

A.Rescarchers.

B.Painters.

C.Farmers.

D.Sailors.

The Pony (小马) Express

➊In 1848, gold was found in alifomiA.Thousands of people rushed therE.But the train line to California wasn't finished until 1869. It took a long time to ride a horse from Califormia to Missouri. What would you do if you wanted to send a message? Well, you could use the Pony Express.

❷In 1860 and 1861, the Pony Express was the fastest way to get news to and from the West. The road was around 2,000 miles long. It took most people weeks or months to nide that far. The Pony Express could make it in just 10 days. Those speeds were unheard of then. How did they do it? Well, they had a good system.

❸The Pony Express had 184 stations along the roaD.The stations were about 10 miles apart. This is about how far a horse could run before tireD.The rider would switch to a new horse at each station. Every 75-100 miles, the rider would get to a home station, where riders would rest. Before resting, he would give his mail bag to a new rider. The mail never stopped moving, while the horses and riders rested.

❹It was tough to ride for the Pony Express. Each rider had to weigh less than 125 pounds. Speed was the key. Most riders were tenage boys. They rode up to 100 miles aday. The ride could be dangerous. Attacks by local people were common. But in its running time, the Pony Express lost only one mail bag.

❺The Pony Express flled an important role for a time, but it did not last. The Civil War started in 1861. Things got worse when the first telegraph line to California was finished later that year. People could send messages by telegraph instantly. Soon the Pony Express closed.But the story of the brave riders lives on.

A.The end of riders' business

B.The fastest message service

C.The comfortable home station

D.The efective system to send mail

E.Safe delivery despite the tough ride

F.Need of message exchange in the gold rush

A.The end of riders' business

B.The fastest message service

C.The comfortable home station

D.The efective system to send mail

E.Safe delivery despite the tough ride

F.Need of message exchange in the gold rush

A.The end of riders' business

B.The fastest message service

C.The comfortable home station

D.The efective system to send mail

E.Safe delivery despite the tough ride

F.Need of message exchange in the gold rush

A.The end of riders' business

B.The fastest message service

C.The comfortable home station

D.The efective system to send mail

E.Safe delivery despite the tough ride

F.Need of message exchange in the gold rush

A.The end of riders' business

B.The fastest message service

C.The comfortable home station

D.The efective system to send mail

E.Safe delivery despite the tough ride

F.Need of message exchange in the gold rush

A.only ten days

B.fora better life

C.a couple of months

D.be young and brave

E.switch horses and riders

F.after the outbreak of the Civil War

A.only ten days

B.fora better life

C.a couple of months

D.be young and brave

E.switch horses and riders

F.after the outbreak of the Civil War

A.only ten days

B.fora better life

C.a couple of months

D.be young and brave

E.switch horses and riders

F.after the outbreak of the Civil War

A.only ten days

B.fora better life

C.a couple of months

D.be young and brave

E.switch horses and riders

F.after the outbreak of the Civil War

A.only ten days

B.fora better life

C.a couple of months

D.be young and brave

E.switch horses and riders

F.after the outbreak of the Civil War

Work is a Blessing

I grew up in Lakeland, LA, one of 12 children. We all lived on my parents' farm. We grew cotton, corm and had a large garden, but it didn't bring in much cash._ 26 _We milked 65 cows at 5 in the morming and again at 2 in the afternoon, seven days a week.

One Saturday before daylight, I remember complaining to my father and grandfather about having to milk those cows. My father said, “You know, boy, to work is a blessing."_ 27_ However, it took many years before it sank in.

Going to college was a rare privilege for a kid from Lakeland._ 28 _So I joined the ROTC program to help pay for college. And what started out as an obligation to the Army became a way of life that I stayed committed to for 37 years, three months and three days.

In the late 1980s, during a visit to Bangladesh, I saw a woman with a baby on her back, breaking bricks with a hammer. I asked a Bangladesh military officer why they weren't using a machine, which would have been a lot easier._ 29_ Breaking those bricks meant she could ear enough money to feed herself and her baby that day. And as bad as that woman's job was, it was enough to keep a small family alive._ 30_

A. Idon't think I will ever quit working.

B. However, I still wanted to go to college.

C. He told me a machine would put that lady out of work.

D. I had a feeling I had been told something really important.

E. It reminded me of my father's words: To work is a blessing.

F. So when I was 12, I got a part-time job helping to milk cows.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence (人工智能) on Jobs

As you grew up, there's a good chance you heard the saying“go to a good school, get a good job, and make lots of money." On the surface, that seems like_ 31_ advice. After all, college graduates, on_32_,earn almost $I million more in their lifetime than those with_ 33 a high school education.

Perhaps you were encouraged to earm a professional degree to_ 34_ a high-paying job like a doctor, dentist, lawyer or something_ 35_. This also seems like great advice. A professional degree holder_ 36_ earns more than $2 million more in their lifetime than the average college graduate. But that was then, not now.

Thanks to rapid_ 37_ in arifcial itelligence, jobs are fllig to machines. And it's not just blue-collar jobs that are being taken_ 38_ by automation (自动化). It's white-collar professions as well.

The safe, high paying jobs of the past are starting to look much less secure. If you're curenly in one of the pofessions of finance, _ 39_ or law, or going to school to get into these fields, you should_ 40_ twice before continuing,

A. get

B. called

C. similar

D. think

E. medicine

F. over

G. average

H. valuable

I. only

J. use

K. usually

L. developmen